高二英语单元考试的知识点概括合集推荐

直到高二，学生的学习自觉性增强，获取知识一方面从教师那里接受，但这种接受也应该有别于以前的被动接受，它是在经过自己思考、理解的基础上接受。另一方面通过自学主动获取知识。以下是小编给大家整理的高二英语选修六重点知识点，希望大家能够喜欢!

高二英语单元考试的知识点概括合集推荐 1

Unit1 Living well

常考单词必背

1.ambition n.雄心;野心

ambitious adj. 有雄心的;有野心的

His only fault is that he lacks ambition.

他唯一的不足是志向短小。

2.beneficial adj. 有益的;受益的

enefit vt. 有益于 vi.受益;得到好处 n.好处;益处

Your medicine has benefited me much.

你的药对我大有益处。

[快速闪记]

enefit from 从……中受益

e of benefit to 对……有益(=be beneficial to)

for the benefit of 为……(的利益)

3.clumsy adj. 笨拙的

4.adapt vt.&vi. ①(使)适应②改编;改写

I suggested he should adapt himself to his new conditions.

我认为他应该使自己适应新的情况。

[快速闪记]

(1) adapt(oneself) to(doing) sth (使某人)适应(做)某事

adapt...from... 根据……改编……

e adapted for 为……而改编

(2) adaptation n.[C] & [U] 适应;改编;改写本;改编的作品

5.absence n.①[C] & [U]缺席;不在②[U]缺乏

A stranger brought you this letter during your absence.

你不在时，一个陌生人给你捎来了这封信。

[快速闪记]

(1) absence of mind 心不在焉

in sb's absence 某人不在时

in the absence of sth 缺乏某物

(2) absent adj. ①缺席的;不在的 ②缺乏的

e absent from 缺席……

absent-minded adj. 心不在焉的

6.resign vi. 辞职;放弃　vt. 辞去;放弃;把……交付(给)

All the employees resign because the employer is too unreasonable.

因为老板太不讲理，雇员全体辞职。

he resigned her baby to the care of her neighbour.

她把婴儿托付给邻居照管。

resign from a job 辞职

7.adequate adj. ①足够的②恰当的;胜任的

[快速闪记]

e adequate for 足够……

e adequate to do...... 胜任做……;足以做……

8.access n.①接近/进入的方法;到达/进入的权利②通道;入口

Only a few people have access to the full facts of the incident.

只有几个人可以知道事件的全部真相。

[快速闪记]

have/gain/get/obtain access to 可接近;可进入;可使用

accessible/?k'ses?bl/ adj. 容易取得的;容易接近的;容易受影响的

e accessible to 能接近……，可使用……

9.approval n.[C] & [U]赞成;同意;批准

Do the plans meet with your approval?

这些计划你赞成吗?

[快速闪记]

(1) approve vt. 赞成;同意

approve of sb's doing sth 同意某人做某事

(2) without approval 未经许可

give one's approval to 同意;批准

10.profit n.[C] & [U]利润;收益;利益;益处　vt.&vi.有益(于);有利(于)

A company whose profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad.

一家在国内市场利润下降的公司可能会去国外谋求机会。

It will profit us nothing to do that.

做那事对我们没有任何好处。

高频短语必会

1.in other words 换句话说

[快速闪记]

have a word with sb 与某人谈话

keep/break one's word 遵守诺言/食言;失信

eyond words 无法用语言表达

2.cut out 切下，裁剪

[快速闪记]

cut across 抄近路

cut away 切，剪，去掉

cut down 减少，砍倒

cut in 插嘴，插队

cut off 切断，阻碍

cut up 切碎，使悲痛，使伤心

3.out of breath 上气不接下气

Reaching the top of the tower，he was out of breath.

到了塔顶他就上气不接下气了。

catch/hold one's breath 屏息;憋住气

lose one's breath 喘不过气

4.all in all 总而言之

5.sit around 闲坐着

6.in many ways 在很多方面

7.as well as 也;和

8.make fun of 取笑

9.never mind 不必担心

10.meet with 遇到;经历;会晤

写作句式必学

1.Every time I returned after an absence，I felt stupid because I was behind the others.

每次请过假之后，我觉得自己笨，因为比别人落后了一些。

2.Sometimes，too，I was too weak to go to school so my education suffered.

有时，我的身体也很虚弱，以至于不能去上学，因此我的学习受到了影响。

3.Just accept them for who they are，and give them encouragement to live as rich and full a life as you do.

接受他们，给予他们鼓励，让他们能像你一样过得丰富多彩，充实美满。

高二英语单元考试的知识点概括合集推荐 2

1.非谓语动词的构成和语法功能及用法对比。

2.非谓语动词的完成式、被动式的用法和特点。

3.非谓语动词的复合结构及否定形式。

4.不定式与动名词，动名词与现在分词，现在分词与过去分词，分词作状语与独立结构等用法对比。

5.不定式和动名词在及物动词后作宾语的区别是考查的热点。

6.过去分词作定语，不定式和分词作宾语补足语的用法。

7.不定式标志to和介词to的用法判断等。

8.带to与不带to的不定式的用法及区别。

考点一、考查谓语动词与非谓语动词的识别

英语句子至少应该包括主语与谓语两部分, 而多数情况下谓语都由动词来充当。如果对句子成分划分不清，把谓语动词与非谓语动词混淆, 做题效果可想而知。要克服这一毛病，关键在于正确判断、识别动词在句中是否充当谓语。如：

1. The children (play) _____ the violin over there will go on the stage next week.

根据句子结构，我们可以看出这是一个简单句。主语是The children，谓语部分是will go on the stage，动词play显然在句中不作谓语，应用非谓语动词形式。依据play与它的逻辑主语children之间的主动关系以及拉小提琴动作正在进行，可以判断用现在分词作定语修饰children，意为“正在那边拉小提琴的小孩”，因而正确答案为playing。

考点二、考查作状语的非谓语动词的辨析

作状语的非谓语动词主要考查其各种形式的辨析，即是选择动词不定式、现在分词还是过去分词作状语, 不同的状语对非谓语动词的要求不同。 动词不定式主要作目的、结果和原因状语;现在分词和过去分词主要作时间、原因、条件、让步、方式和伴随状语，两者不同之处在于：现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作,即它的逻辑主语就是句子的主语，它们之间的关系是主动关系，而过去分词作状语时，虽然它的逻辑主语也是句子的主语，但过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系。请看下面例题：

1.____tired of Tom’s all-talk-no-action attitude, Julia decided to do the job all by herself.

A) To get B) To have got

C) Getting D) Have got

一般来说，在句子中没有连接词的情况下, 逗号是无力连接两个句子的。据此，首先可以确定 这是一个简单句，非谓语动词短语放在句首作状语。依据非谓语动词短语get tired of与其逻辑主语Julia之间的主动关系，以及谓语动词与非谓语动词所表示的动作几乎同时发生，没有明显的先后顺序，可以断定应用现在分词一般式作原因状语,即“由于厌倦了Tom只说不做的工作态度”，故正确答案为C。

考点三、考查非谓语动词逻辑主语的分辨

非谓语动词虽然在句中不作谓语，但仍然有自己逻辑上的主语。历年各种考试的重点在于正确分辨非谓语动词的逻辑主语是什么，两者之间是主动关系还是被动关系，特别是非谓语动词作状语的时候。我们知道，当非谓语动词放在句首作状语的时候，一般来说，它的逻辑主语就是句子的主语，那么，当它的逻辑主语不是句子的主语时，又会出现什么现象呢?请看下面例题：

1. The last bus (go)____, we had to walk home.

2. Weather (permit)____, the spaceship will be launched tomorrow evening.

这两个非谓语动词短语的逻辑主语都不是句子的主语，而是分别有它自己的逻辑主语，即“是 末班车开走了，而不是我们走了”,“是天气允许,而不是飞船允许”，这种现象或结构就是独立主格结构。依据非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的主动关系,正确答案分别为having gone和permitting。

高二英语必掌握知识点总结3

Worried about the journey, I was unsettled for the first few days.

Well-known for their expertise, his parents’ company …..

Confused by the new surroundings, I was hit by the lack of fresh air.

Exhausted, I slid into the bed and fell fast asleep.

过去分词作状语：过去分词作状语时，说明动作发生的背景或情况，其等同于一个状语从句。vt 过去分词作状语时与主句主语构成被动关系，表示被动和完成，vi 过去分词表示状态或动作的完成。

Heated , water changes into steam .

The professor came in, followed by a group of young people .

1 作原因状语，等于as / since / because 引导从句

Moved by what she said ,we couldn’t help crying . = ( As we are moved by what she said …

2 作时间状语，等于when 引导时间从句，如果分词表示的动作与谓语的动作同时发生，可在分词前加when/ while / until 等使时间意义更明确。

When heated , water can be changed into steam .

een from the hill ,the park looks very beautiful .= ( When the park is seen from the hill…

3 作条件状语等于 if / whether 引导从句

Given more attention , the cabbages could have grown better .= ( If they have been given more attention ….

Compared with you , we still have a long way to go = ( If we are compared with you …

4 作方式或伴随状语

The actress came in , followed by her fans .

he sat by the window , lost in thought .

5 作让步状语

Much tired ,he still kept on working .=(Although he was tired ,) he ….

6 独立主格结构： 当分词的逻辑主语不是主句主语时，分词可以有自己独立的逻辑主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构。常用来表示伴随情况。

The boy rushed into the classroom , his face covered with sweat .

All things considered ,your article is of great value than hers .

Rewrite with proper conjunctions

Example : United we stand, divided we fall.

If we are united, we will stand, but if we are divided,we will fall.

1 Asked what had happened, he told us about it.

→When he was asked what had happened, …

2 Well known for his expert advice, he received many invitations to give lectures.

→Because he was well known for his expert advice, …

3 Given more time, we would be able to do the work much better.

If we were given more time,

4 Once translated into Chinese, the book became very popular among Chinese teenagers.

Once it was translated into Chinese,

5 Deeply interested in medicine, she decided to become a doctor.

ecause she was deeply interested in medicine,

6 Left alone at home, Sam did not feel afraid at all.

Although he was left alone at home,

现在分词与过去分词作状语

现在分词作状语时，与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，;而过去分词与其逻辑主语之间则表示被动关系。

eeing these pictures, I couldn’t help thinking of those days when I was in Beijing . Seen from the top of a thirty-storeyed building, Beijing looks more magnificent. (see)

选择现在分词还是过去分词，关键看主句的主语。如分词的动作是主句的主语发出，分词就选用现在分词，反之就用过去分词。例如：

Used for a long time, the book looks old.

由于用了很长时间，这本书看上去很旧。

Using the book, I find it useful.

在使用的过程中，我发现这本书很有用

注意:1.系表示主语所处的状态

_____ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. ( lose)

______ in white, she looks more beautiful.( dress)

e lost in

e dressed in

e interested in

e devoted to

e supposed to? be caught in the rain

e seated in

e prepared for

e determined to

2.不与主语保持一致的固定结构

generally speaking　一般说来

trictly/ frankly speaking 严格地说/坦白地说

judging from 从…判断

all things considered 从整体来看

taking all things into consideration　全面看来

例如：Judging from his face, he must be ill.从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。

Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs.

总的来说，狗比猪跑得快。 (speaking 不是dogs 的动作)

高二英语单元考试的知识点概括合集推荐 3

回答反义疑问句时，若事实是肯定的，用yes回答;若事实是否定的，就用no来回答。例如：Let’s go swimming，shall we?Yes，let’s go。

祈使句的反义疑问句

(1)祈使句的反义疑问部分为肯定形式，要用shall，will。如：Pass me the book，will you?

(2)Let’s表示第一人称的祈使句，反义疑问句为“Shall we?”。如：Let’s go for a walk，shall we?

(3)Let me和Let us 表示第二人称的祈使句，反义疑问句为“will you?”。如：Let us go for a walk，will you?

(4)其它行为动词引起的祈使句，无论其陈述部分是否定还是肯定的祈使句，多用“will you?”，表一种客气的语气。如：Listen to me，will you?

但在肯定的祈使句后有时也用“won’t you?”表“提醒对方注意”或表“邀请”。如：Have a cup of coffee，won’t you?

祈使句的反义疑问句形式

(1)Let's表示说话人向对方提出建议，简短问句的主语用we表示，问句用shall we或shan't we。如：Let's have a cup of tea,shall we(shan't we)

(2)Let me或 Let us表示听话人提出请求，问句用will you或won't you.如：Let me have a rest,will you(won't you).

注意：回答Let's～的反义疑问句句型时，肯定时用Yes，let's.否定时用NO，let's not.

(3)其它的祈使句后可以加一个简短问句，使语气变得客气一些.如：Have a rest,will you.

基本类型

在祈使句后面跟反义疑问句，主要有以下几种类型：

1.用will you

Keep that door closed,will you?你让那门关着好吗?

erve out the rice,will you?你来给大家盛饭，好吗?

2.用won’t you

Drive carefully,won't you?开车要小心些，好吗?

3.用would you

Come this way,would you?请您走这边，好吗?

Open a window,would you?你打开一扇窗，好不好?

高二英语单元考试的知识点概括合集推荐 4

回答反义疑问句时，若事实是肯定的，用yes回答;若事实是否定的，就用no来回答。例如：Let’s go swimming，shall we?Yes，let’s go。

祈使句的反义疑问句

(1)祈使句的反义疑问部分为肯定形式，要用shall，will。如：Pass me the book，will you?

(2)Let’s表示第一人称的祈使句，反义疑问句为“Shall we?”。如：Let’s go for a walk，shall we?

(3)Let me和Let us 表示第二人称的祈使句，反义疑问句为“will you?”。如：Let us go for a walk，will you?

(4)其它行为动词引起的祈使句，无论其陈述部分是否定还是肯定的祈使句，多用“will you?”，表一种客气的语气。如：Listen to me，will you?

但在肯定的祈使句后有时也用“won’t you?”表“提醒对方注意”或表“邀请”。如：Have a cup of coffee，won’t you?

祈使句的反义疑问句形式

(1)Let's表示说话人向对方提出建议，简短问句的主语用we表示，问句用shall we或shan't we。如：Let's have a cup of tea,shall we(shan't we)

(2)Let me或 Let us表示听话人提出请求，问句用will you或won't you.如：Let me have a rest,will you(won't you).

注意：回答Let's～的反义疑问句句型时，肯定时用Yes，let's.否定时用NO，let's not.

(3)其它的祈使句后可以加一个简短问句，使语气变得客气一些.如：Have a rest,will you.

基本类型

在祈使句后面跟反义疑问句，主要有以下几种类型：

1.用will you

Keep that door closed,will you?你让那门关着好吗?

erve out the rice,will you?你来给大家盛饭，好吗?

2.用won’t you

Drive carefully,won't you?开车要小心些，好吗?

3.用would you

Come this way,would you?请您走这边，好吗?

Open a window,would you?你打开一扇窗，好不好?

高二英语单元考试的知识点概括合集推荐 5

　　Unit 1 A land of diversity

　　原文+翻译

　　CALIFORNIA加利福尼亚

　　California is the third largest state in the USA but has the largest population. 加州是美国第三大洲, 而且是人口最多的州。 It also has the distinction of being the most multicultural state in the USA, having attracted people from all over the world. 加州与众不同之处在于它也是美国最具多元文化的一个州。它吸引了来自世界各地的人们。 The customs and languages of the immigrants live on in their new home. 这些移民的风俗习惯以及语言在他们的新家都得以延续。 This diversity of culture is not surprising when you know the history of California.当你了解了加利福尼亚的历史，你就不会对其文化的多样性感到惊奇了。

　　NATIVE AMERCANS美洲土著人

　　Exactly when the first people arrived in what we now know as California, no one really knows. 最早一批人具体是什么时候来到我们现在了解的加利福尼亚地区的, 谁也说不清楚。 However, it is likely that Native Americans were living in California at least fifteen thousand years ago. 然而，可能至少在一15,000年以前美洲土著人就住在加利福尼亚了。Scientists believe that these settlers crossed the Bering Strait in the Arctic to America by means of a land bridge which existed in prehistoric times. 科学家们认为这些迁居者通过一条史前时期曾经存在的大陆桥穿越北极地区的白令海峡到达美洲。 In the 16th century, after the arrival of the Europeans, the native people suffered greatly. 欧洲人在16世纪到来这里之后，土著人遭受了极大的苦难。 Thousands were killed or forced into slavery. 成千上万人被杀或被迫成为奴隶。In addition, many died from the diseases brought by the Europeans. 另外, 欧洲人带来的疾病，使许多人染病而死。 However, some survived these terrible times, and today there are more Native Americans living in California than in any other state. 不过，还是有一些人经历了这些恐怖时期而活下来了。今天住在加利福尼亚的美洲土著人比任何其他州的都要多。

　　THE SPANISH西班牙人

　　In the 18th century California was ruled by Spain. 在18世纪的时候，加利福尼亚是被西班牙统治的。 Spanish soldiers first arrived in South America in the early 16th century, when they fought against the native people and took their land. 西班牙士兵最早是在16世纪初期来到南美洲的，他们同土著人打仗，夺去了他们的土地。Two centuries later, the Spanish had settled in most parts of South America and along the northwest coast of what we now call the United States. 两个世纪以后, 西班牙人在南美洲大部分地区定居下来，而且还在我们现在称之为美国的西北沿海地区住下来。Of the first Spanish to go to California, the majority were religious men, whose ministry was to teach the Catholic religion to the natives. 在首批移居加利福尼亚州的西班牙人中，大部分是宗教人士，他们的职责是向原住居民传授天主教。In 1821, the people of Mexico gained their independence from Spain. 1821年,墨西哥人从西班牙获得了独立。 California then became part of Mexico.加利福尼亚于是成了墨西哥的一部分。In 1846 the United States declared war on Mexico, and after the war won by the USA, Mexico had to give California to the USA. 1846年美国向墨西哥宣战，美国赢得战争胜利后，墨西哥被迫把加利福尼亚割让给美国。However, there is still a strong Spanish influence in the state. 但是,这个州至今仍然保留着很强的西班牙文化的影响。That is why today over 40 of Californians speak Spanish as a first or second language. 这就是为什么今天还有40%的加利福尼亚人仍然把西班牙语作为第一或第二语言的缘故。

　　RUSSIANS俄罗斯人

　　In the early 1800s, Russian hunters, who had originally gone to Alaska, began settling in California. 在19世纪初期，一批最初到阿拉斯加的俄罗斯猎人开始在加利福尼亚定居下来。 Today there are about 25,000 Russian-Americans living in and around San Francisco.今天，住在旧金山及其周边地区的美籍俄罗斯人大约25，000人。

　　GOLD MINERS金矿工

　　In 1848, not long after the American-Mexican war, gold was discovered in California. 1848年,美墨战争后不久,在加利福尼亚发现了金矿。 The dream of becoming rich quickly attracted people from all over the world. 发财梦很快就吸引了来自世界各地的人。The nearest, and therefore the first to arrive, were South Americans and people from the United States. 距离最近因而来的最早的是南美洲人和美国人， Then adventurers from Europe and Asia soon followed. 随后跟着来的有欧洲和亚洲的探险家。 In fact, few achieved their dream of becoming rich. 事实上, 很少有人圆了发财梦。Some died or returned home, but most remained in California to make a life for themselves despite great hardship. They settled in the new towns or on farms. 许多人死了或回家了，但是尽管条件十分艰苦，大多数人仍然留在了加利福尼亚劳作谋生，在新的城镇或农场里定居下来。 By the time California elected to become the thirty-first federal state of the USA in 1850, it was already a multicultural society.到1850年加利福尼亚成为美国第31个州的时候, 它已经是一个有着多元文化的社会了。

　　LATER A RRIVALS后来的移民

　　Although Chinese immigrants began to arrive during the Gold Rush Period, it was the building of the rail network from the west to the east coast that brought even larger numbers to California in the 1860s. 虽然中国移民在淘金热期间就开始来到(美国)，但是更大批量的中国移民却是在十九世纪六十年代为了修建贯穿美国东西海岸的铁路而来的。Today, Chinese-Americans live in all parts of California, although a large percentage have chosen to stay in the "Chinatowns" of Los Angeles and San Francisco. 今天,加利福尼亚州各地都有美藉华人居住,尽管有很大比例的华人还是选择住在洛杉矶和旧金山的“中国城”里。Other immigrants such as Italians, mainly fishermen but also wine makers, arrived in California in the late 19th century. 十九世纪后期，其他国家的移民，比如意大利人来到加利福尼亚，他们主要是渔民，也有些酿酒工人。 In 1911 immigrants from Denmark established a town of their own, which today still keeps up their Danish culture. 1911年丹麦移民建立了他们自己的城镇，至今仍保留着丹麦文化。 By the 1920s the film industry was well established in Hollywood, California. 到了二十世纪二十年代，电影产业在加利福尼亚州的好莱坞建立了起来。 The industry boom attracted Europeans including many Jewish people. 这个行业吸引了许多欧洲人包括许多犹太人。Today California has the second largest Jewish population in the United States. 今天，加利福尼亚的犹太人口在美国占第二位。Japanese farmers began arriving in California at the beginning of the 20th century, and since the 1980s a lot more have settled there. 日本的农民是在20世纪初期开始到加利福尼亚来的,而从20世纪80年代以来就有更多的日本人在加利福尼亚定居了。 People from Africa have been living in California since the 1800s, when they moved north from Mexico. 非洲人从19世纪就在加利福尼亚住下来，他们是从墨西哥向北迁来的。However, even more arrived between 1942 and 1945 to work in the ship and aircraft industries. 然而更多的非洲人在1942年到1945年之间来到加利福尼亚的，当时他们是到船厂和飞机厂工作的。

　　MOST RECENT ARRIVALS最近期的移民

　　In more recent decades, California has become home to more people from Asia, including Koreans, Cambodians, Vietnamese and Laotians. 在最近几十年里,加利福尼亚成了亚洲人的家,包括柬埔寨人、朝鲜人、越南人和老挝人。 Since its beginning in the 1970s, the computer industry has attracted Indians and Pakistanis to California. 从20世纪70年代开始发展计算机工业以来，加利福尼亚又吸引了印度人和巴勒斯坦人的到来。

　　THE FUTURE未来展望

　　People from different parts of the world, attracted by the climate and the lifestyle, still immigrate to California世界各地的人，由于受气候条件和生活方式的吸引,仍然在继续迁入加利福尼亚。. It is believed that before long the mix of nationalities will be so great that there will be no distinct major racial or cultural groups, but simply a mixture of many races and cultures. 人们认为, 要不了多久，多种国籍的混合将会非常之大，以至于不可能存在一种主要的种族或文化群体，而只是多种族、多文化的混合体。

　　重要单词

　　1.means. n. 手段;方法

　　2.slavery. n. 受奴役的状态;奴隶制

　　3.majority. n. 大多数;大半

　　4.immigration. n. 移居入境;移民

　　5.percentage. n. 百分比;百分率

　　6.aircraft. n. 飞行器;航空器;飞机

　　7.mix. vt. 混合;拌和 n. 混合;结合

　　8.mixture. n. 混合;混合状态;混合物

　　9.nationality. n. 国籍;民族

　　10.racial. adj. 人族的;种族的

　　11.applicant. n. 申请人

　　12.socialist. n. 社会主义者;社会党人 adj. 社会主义的

　　13.occur. vi. 发生;出现

　　14.central. adj. 中心的;中央的;主要的

　　15.indicate. vt. 指出;标示;表明;暗示

　　16.swap. vi&vt. 交换

　　17.apparent. adj. 显而易见的;显然的;表面上的

　　18.apparently. adv. 显然地;显而易见的

　　19.slip. vi. 滑动;滑行;滑跤 n. 滑动;滑倒

　　20.ferry. n. 渡船;渡口 vt. 摆渡;渡运

　　21.hire. vt&n. 租用;雇佣

　　22.ｉｎｓｅｒｔ. vt. 插入;嵌入

　　23.react. vi. 作出反应;回应

　　重要短语

　　1.by means of 用……方法;借助……

　　2.in addition 而且

　　3.ｄｅｃｌａｒｅ war on ……向……宣战

　　4.take in 包括;吸收

　　5.a great/good many 许多，很多

　　6.at various times 在不同时代

　　7. make a life (for sb.) 习惯于新的生活方式、工作等;谋生

　　8. keep up 保持;继续

　　9.ger/have a good view of 好好欣赏……

　　10.team up with 与……合作或一起工作

　　11.mark out 划线;标出……界线

　　Unit 2 Cloning

　　原文+翻译

　　CLONING:WHERE IS IT LEADING US?克隆：它将把我们引向何方?

　　Cloning has always been with us and is here to stay. 克隆一直与我们同在，而且它还要持续下去。It is a way of making an exact copy of another animal or plant. 这是一种用来生产与原型完全相同的动植物的方法。 It happens in plants when gardeners take cuttings from growing plants to make new ones. 当园艺师从生长着的植物上剪下枝条来培植新植物时，就会产生这种现象。 It also happens in animals when twins identical in sex and appearance are produced from the same original egg. 这种现象也发生在动物身上，从同一个原生卵子产生性别和相貌相同的双胞胎也是克隆。The fact is that these are both examples of natural clones.实际上，这些都是自然克隆现象。

　　Cloning has two major uses. 克隆技术有两大用途。 Firstly, gardeners use it all the time to produce commercial quantities of plants. 第一，园艺师一直用它生产大量的供商用的植物; Secondly, it is valuable for research on new plant species and for medical research on animals. 第二，它在对新植物物种的研究以及在对动物的医学研究方面都是很有价值的。 Cloning plants is straightforward while cloning animals is very complicated. It is a difficult task to undertake.克隆植物简单，但克隆动物就比较复杂了，是一项很难完成的任务。Many attempts to clone mammals failed. 克隆哺乳动物的多次尝试都失败了。 But at last the determination and patience of the scientists paid off in 1996 with a breakthrough- the cloning of Dolly the sheep. 但是，科学家的决心和耐心最终得到了回报，这就是1996年具有突破性的克隆羊“多莉”的诞生。The procedure works like this:它的程序如下图(略)所示：

　　1.母羊(甲)提供一个卵细胞。

　　2.在卵细胞中取出细胞核。

　　3.卵细胞准备接受新的细胞核。

　　4.母羊(乙)提供一个供克隆的躯干细胞，该细胞应包含有生产一头新羊所需要的全部基因。

　　5.取出该细胞的细胞核。

　　6.用电把母羊(乙)的躯干细胞核和母羊(甲)的卵细胞连接起来。

　　7.细胞分裂并生长成胚胎。

　　8.把胚胎置入另外一头寄生的母羊(丙)体内，母羊(丙)就是克隆羊的代孕。

　　9.这头小羔羊就是母羊(乙)所提供的细胞核克隆而成的。

　　On the one hand, the whole scientific world followed the progress of the first successful clone, Dolly the sheep. 一方面整个科学界都在关注着首例成功的克隆动物多莉羊的成长。 The fact that she seemed to develop normally was very encouraging. 多莉看来是在正常地成长着，这很令人鼓舞。Then came the disturbing news that Dolly had become seriously ill. 接着传来了多莉病重的坏消息。 Cloning scientists were cast down to find that Dolly's illnesses were more appropriate to a much older animal. 研究看来的科学家发现多莉得的病更容易发生在年老的羊身上，这让他们很沮丧。 Altogether Dolly lived six and a half years, half the length of the life of the original sheep. 可悲的是，多莉只活了六年半，这是它的原型羊寿命的一半。 Sadly the same arbitrary fate affected other species, such as cloned mice. 可悲的是，同样无法控制的命运也在影响着其他物种，如克隆鼠。The questions that concerned all scientists were: "Would this be a major difficulty for all cloned animals? 科学家们的脑海里产生的问题是“这是不是所有克隆动物的一个主要困难呢?Would it happen forever? Could it be solved if corrections were made in their research procedure?" 这种现象会不会永远发生?如果改进研究程序，问题会不会解决呢?”

　　On the other hand, Dolly's appearance raised a storm of objections and had a great impact on the media and public imagination. 另一方面，多莉羊的出现引起了一阵强烈的反对，对媒体和公众的想象力也产生了极大的影响。 It became controversial. It suddenly opened everybody's eyes to the possibility of using cloning to cure serious illnesses and even to produce human beings. 它引起了争议，因为它突破打开了人们的眼界，看到了有可能利用克隆技术来治疗重病，甚至还有可能克隆出人类。

　　Although at present human egg cells and embryos needed for cloning research are difficult to obtain, newspapers wrote of evil leaders hoping to clone themselves to attain their ambitions. 尽管目前供克隆研究的人类卵细胞很难获得，报纸报道说，有些邪恶头目希望把自己克隆出来以实现他们的野心。Religious leaders also raised moral questions. 宗教领袖还提出了道德方面的问题。 Governments became nervous and more conservative. 各国政府惶恐不安而且更加谨慎。Some began to reform their legal systems and forbade research into human cloning, but other countries like China and the UK, continued to accumulate evidence of the abundant medical aid that cloning could provide. 有些政府开始改革司法制度，明令禁止进行克隆人类的研究，但是其他国家，如中国和英国，则仍然在继续收集克隆技术有可能提供丰富的医疗救助的证据。 However, scientists still wonder whether cloning will help or harm us and where it is leading us.然而科学家们仍对克隆技术有助于人类还是有害于人类，以及克隆技术将把我们引向哪里感到困惑。

　　重要单词

　　1. differ vi. 不同：相异

　　2. exact adj. 准确的，精确的：精密的

　　3. commercial adj.商业的：贸易的

　　4. straightforward adj. 简单的：直接的：坦率的

　　5. undertake vt.着手：从事：承担

　　6. breakthough n.突破

　　7. disturbing adj. 烦扰的

　　8. arbitrary adj. 任意的

　　9. altogether adv.总共：完全地

　　10. object vi. 不赞成：反对

　　11. moral adj.道德上的：伦理的

　　12. forbid vt.禁止：不准

　　13. accumulate vt.积累：聚积

　　14. shortly adv.立刻：不久

　　15. bother v./n.打扰：操心/烦扰

　　16. assumption n.假定：设想

　　17. regulation n. 规则：规章：法规

　　18. extinct adj. 灭绝的：绝种的

　　19. resist vt.抵抗：对抗

　　20. merely adv. 仅：只：不过

　　21. decoration n.装饰

　　22. unable adj. 不能的：不会的

　　23. argument n. 论据：论点：争论

　　24. obtain vt. 获得：得到

　　25. identical adj.同一的：一模一样的

　　重要短语

　　1. (sb. be) cast down (by) 使沮丧

　　2. object to sth./sb. 不赞成，反对

　　object to doing sth. 反对某人干某事

　　have no objection to sb. doing sth. 不反对某人干某事

　　3. in favor of 赞成，同意，支持，看中，选中

　　in sb.’s favor 对某人有利的(地)

　　do sb. a favor 帮某人忙

　　4. (be) bound to (do) 一定，注定(做)。。。

　　5. from time to time 不时，偶尔

　　6. bring back to life 使复生

　　7. pay off (无被动)得到好结果，取得成功，奏效，偿清，付清

　　pay a visit to 拜访，访问

　　pay attention to 注意

　　pay for 为。。。付款，为。。。付出代价

　　8. have an impact on 对。。。有影响

　　9. pass on …to 将。。。传给。。。

　　10. take turns to do sth. 轮流干某事

　　11. experiment with 进行。。。的试验

　　12. give birth to 生，使诞生

　　13. look back on 回顾

　　14. differ from 不同于，和。。。不同，和。。。意见不一致

　　differ in 在。。方面不同

　　differ with 与某人意见不同

　　be different from 与。。。不同，有区别

　　make a difference 产生差别，起重要作用

　　make no difference 不起作用

　　tell the difference between A and B 分辨出A与B的不同，区分A与B

　　15. undertake sth. 承担某事

　　16. forbid sth./doing sth. 禁止某事/干某事

　　forbid sb. to do sth 不准某人干某事.

　　forbid sb.from doing sth. 禁止某人干某事

　　forbidden 禁止的，不准的

　　17. bother sb. with/about sth. 为某事打扰或烦扰某人

　　the thing that bothers sb. is …让某人感到不安的是…

　　bothersome 引起麻烦的，困扰人的

　　18. resist doing sth. 反对做某事

　　resist the temptation 抵抗诱惑

　　19. be bound to do/be 一定，注定

　　20. find/think/make + it + adj. for sb. to do 发现/思考/让某人做…

　　find sb./sth. done/doing 发现某人/某物怎么样

　　Unit 3 Inventors and inventions

　　原文+翻译

　　THE PROBLEM OF THE SHRIKES蛇的困扰

　　When I called up my mother in the countryside on the telephone she was very upset. 我给住在乡下的母亲打电话的时候，她感到很心烦。 "There are some snakes in our courtyard," she told me. “我们院子里有几条蛇，”她告诉我说， "Snakes come near the house now and then, and they seem to have made their home here, not far from the walnut tree. Can you get rid of them please?" “蛇时不时地爬到屋子边上来。可这几条蛇似乎是在屋子附近离胡桃树不远的地方安家了。你能不能把它们赶走?” I felt very proud. 我感到很自豪， Here was a chance for .me to distinguish myself by inventing something merciful that would catch snakes but not harm them. 这回我有机会来表现一下自己了。我要发明某种仁慈的东西。既可以把蛇捉住，而又不会伤害它们。 I knew my parents would not like me to hurt these living creatures!我知道我的父母亲是不会让我伤害这些生物的。

　　The first thing I did was to see if there were any products that might help me, but there only seemed to be powders designed to kill snakes. 我所做的第一件事就是看看有没有现成的产品能帮助我。但是，看来只有一种毒杀蛇的药粉。 A new approach was clearly needed. 很明显，我得找一种新的方法了。 I set about researching the habits of snakes to find the easiest way to trap them. 于是我就着手研究蛇的习性，以便能找到最容易的方法捉住它们。Luckily these reptiles are small and that made the solution easier. 好在这些爬行动物都很小，问题比较容易解决。

　　Prepared with some research findings, I decided on three possible approaches: 经过一番研究准备之后，我决定采用三种可能的方法： firstly, removing their habitat; 第一，铲除蛇的栖息地;secondly, attracting them into a trap using male or female perfume or food; 第二，用男人或女人用的香水或食物把它们引进陷阱; and thirdly cooling them so that they would become sleepy and could be easily caught. 第三，降低它们的体温，使它们困乏，这样就容易把它们捉住。 I decided to use the last one. 我决定采用最后一种方法。 I bought an ice-cream maker which was made of stainless steel. Between the outside and the inside walls of the bowl there is some jelly, which freezes when cooled. 我买了一个制冰淇淋的不锈钢碗，在碗的内壁和外壁之间有些胶状物，冷却后会冻结。 I put the bowl into the fridge and waited for 24 hours. 我把这个碗放进冰箱，冷冻了24小时。At the same time I prepared some ice-cubes.与此同时，我还准备了一些冰块儿。

　　The next morning I got up early before the sun was hot. 第二天早晨太阳光还不太热，我就早早起床了。I placed the frozen bowl over the snakes' habitat and the ice-cubes on top of the bowl to keep it cool. 我把冰冻的碗放在蛇窝的上方，再把小冰块放在碗上，以使碗保持冷却状态。 Finally I covered the whole thing with a large bucket. 最后再用一个大桶把碗罩住。于是我就等着。Then I waited. After two hours I removed the bucket and the bowl. 过了两个小时我才把桶和碗一起拿开。 The snakes were less active but they were still too fast for me. 蛇不像以前那么活跃了。 They abruptly disappeared into a convenient hole in the wall. 但是对于我来说，它们行动还是太快了，突然一下子就消失在附近的墙洞里去了。 So I had to adjust my plan.于是我只得调整我的计划。

　　For the second attempt I froze the bowl and the ice-cubes again but placed them over the snakes' habitat in the evening, as the temperature was starting to cool.第二次试验我用的还是冰冻的碗和冰块儿，但是这次我是在夜晚气温开始变凉的时候把它们放在蛇窝的上方， Then as before, I covered the bowl with the bucket and left everything overnight. 然后用桶把碗罩住，通宵放在那儿。 Early the next morning I returned to see the result. 第二天一早我就去看结果。This time with great caution I bent down to examine the snakes and I found them very sleepy. 这一次我蹲下去检查的时候，发现蛇都是睡意浓浓的。 But once picked up, they tried to bite me. 但是一把它们提起来，它们就要咬我。 As they were poisonous snakes, I clearly needed to improve my design again.因为它们都是毒蛇，所以很显然我还得改进我的捕蛇方案。

　　My third attempt repeated the second procedure. 第三次试验重复了第二次的程序，The next morning I carried in my hand a small net used for catching fish. This was in the expectation that the snakes would bite again. 第二天早晨我的手里拿了一个捕鱼的小网，这是因为我预料蛇还会再咬人。But monitored carefully, the snakes proved to be no trouble and all went according to plan. 经过仔细的监视，证明这些蛇不会惹麻烦，一切都按计划进行着。I collected the passive snakes and the next day we merrily released them all back into the wild.我把这些温顺的蛇收集起来，第二天就把他们全部释放到野外了。

　　Pressed by my friends and relations, I decided to seize the opportunity to get recognition for my successful idea by sending my invention to the patent office. 由于朋友和亲戚的敦促，我决定抓住这次机会把我的发明送到专利局去，请他们对我这次成功的思路给予认可。 Only after you have had that recognition can you say that you are truly an inventor. 只有你得到这种承认，你才可以说是一个真正的发明家。The criteria are so strict that it is difficult to get new ideas accepted unless they are truly novel. (评定)专利标准非常严格，除非新的想法真是新颖的，否则很难被接受。In addition, no invention will get a patent if it is:此外，你的想法如果属于下列情况，那么你也不可能得到专利：

　　◎a discovery一种发现

　　◎a scientific idea or mathematical model一种科学理论或数学模式

　　◎literature or art文学或艺术

　　◎a game or a business一场游戏或一笔交易

　　◎a computer programme一个电脑程序

　　◎a new animal or plant variety一种新的动植物物种

　　Nor will you receive a patent until a search has been made to find out that your product really is different from everyone else's. 你的产品要经过仔细调查，证明它确实与众不同的，你才能获得专利。 There are a large number of patent examiners, too, whose only job is to examine whether your claim is valid or not. 专利局还有一大批审查人员，他们的唯一职责就是审查你的专利申请是否有效。 If it passes all the tests, your application for a patent will be published 18 months from the date you apply. 如果通过了所有这些审查，你申请的专利就会在你提出申请的18个月之后公布出来。 So I have filled in the form and filed my patent application with the Patent Office. 于是，我填了表，向专利局提交了申请书。 Now it's a matter of waiting and hoping. 现在就是等待和期盼了。 You'll know if I succeed by the size of my bank balance! 将来你看看我的银行结余金额就会知道我是否成功了。 Wish me luck!祝我好运吧!

　　重要单词

　　1. discovery n. 发现;发觉

　　2. patent n.专利证书;专利发明

　　3. distinguish vi&vt显示……的差别;使……有所不同;辨别

　　4. product n. 产品

　　5. powder n.粉末;火药

　　6. abrupt adj.突然的;意外的

　　7. convenient adj.便利的;方便的

　　8. expectation n.预料;期望

　　9. monitor vt. n.监控;班长;监听器;监视器

　　10.passive adj.被动的;消极的;被动语态的

　　11. valid adj.有效的;确凿的

　　12.application n.申请;请求;实施

　　13.file n.文件;档案;文件夹，把……归档;提交

　　14.Bear vt.忍受;忍耐;负担

　　15.jam n.堵塞;阻塞;果酱

　　16.mess n.脏乱的状态;杂乱

　　17.dot n. vt.点;小圆点，以小圆点标出;分散

　　18.tap vt. n.轻打;轻拍;轻敲，轻轻地敲击;龙头

　　19.wire n.金属丝;电线

　　20.current n. /adj.电流;现在的;当前的

　　21.importance n.重要性

　　22.stable adj.稳固的;稳定的;安定的

　　23.practical adj.实际的;实践的;实用的

　　24.court n.法庭;法院;朝廷

　　25.version n. 版本;译本

　　重要短语

　　1. now and then 偶尔;有时

　　2. get rid of 除去;除掉

　　3. set about 开始;着手

　　4. in case (以防)万一

　　5. set out to do 开始(做)

　　6. be aware of 意识到

　　7. in truth 的确;事实上

　　8. out of order 次序颠倒;发生故障

　　9. get through 设法联系上;做完，通过

　　10. ring back 回复电话

　　11. call up 给……打电话

　　12. dive into 迅速把手伸入;一心投入

　　13. hang on 不挂断;紧紧握住;稍等

　　14. ring off 挂断电话

　　Unit 4 Pygmalion

　　原文+翻译

　　PYGMALION皮格马利翁

　　MAIN CHARACTERS: 主要人物：

　　Eliza Doolittle (E): a poor flower girl who is ambitious to improve herself

　　Professor Higgins (H): an expert in phonetics, convinced that the quality of a person's English decides his/her position in society

　　Colonel Pickering (CP): an officer in the army and later a friend of Higgins' who sets him a task

　　伊莱扎·杜立特尔(伊)：穷苦的卖花姑娘，立志要改善自己的生活

　　希金斯教授(希)：语言学专家，坚信一个人的英语水平决定这个人的社会地位

　　皮克林上校(皮)：陆军军官，后来成了希金斯教授的朋友。希金斯还给上校安排了一项任务

　　Act One FATEFUL MEETINGS第一幕 决定性的会面

　　11 :15 pm in London, England in 1914 outside a theatre. 1914年某日晚上11点15分，在英国伦敦某剧场外。 It is pouring with rain and cab whistles are blowing in all directions. 下着倾盆大雨，四处响着出租车的鸣笛声。A man is hiding from the rain listening to people's language and watching their reactions. 有一位男士在躲雨，边听人们谈话，边观察着人们的反应。While watching, he makes notes. 一边观察，一边做记录。Nearby a flower girl wearing dark garments and a woollen scarf is also sheltering from the rain. 附近有一个卖花姑娘也在躲雨。A gentleman (G) passes and hesitates for a moment.这时有位先生(先)从这儿路过，他迟疑了片刻。

　　E: Come over’ere, cap’in, and buy me flowers off a poor girl.

　　伊：长官，过这边来呀，买我这个苦命孩子一束花把!

　　G: I'm sorry but I haven't any change.

　　先：对不起，我没有零钱。

　　E: I can giv’ou change, cap’in.

　　伊：长官，我可以给你找零钱呀。

　　G: (surprised) For a pound? I'm afraid I've got nothing less.

　　先：(惊奇地)一个英镑你找得开吗?没有再小的钱了。

　　E: (hopefully) Oah! Oh, do buy a flower off me, Captain. Take this for three pence. (holds up some dead flowers)

　　伊：(带有希望的神色)啊!好啦，买一束吧。拿这一束，只要三个便士。(举起一束已经枯萎的花)

　　G: (uncomfortably) Now don't be troublesome, there's a good girl. (looks in his wallet and sounds more friendly) But, wait, here's some small change. Will that be of any use to you? It's raining heavily now, isn't it? (leaves)

　　先：(不舒服地)别烦我了，好姑娘。(在钱包里找什么，这时语气好些了)等一等，这儿有几个零钱。这点钱对你有用吗?雨下大了，不是吗?(说完就走了)

　　E: (disappointed at the outcome, but thinking it is better than nothing) Thank you, sir. (sees a man taking notes and feels worried) Hey! I ain’t done nothing wrong by speaking to that gentleman. I've a right to sell flowers, I have. I ain’t no thief. I'm an honest girl I am! (begins to cry)

　　伊：(对先生付的钱表现出失望的样子，但是有总比没有好)先生，谢谢了。(看到有人在记什么，感到很担心)嗨，我跟那位先生说话，又没有做错什么事情。我有权卖花吧，我有权嘛!我不是小偷，我是个老实姑娘，老老实实的。(开始哭起来)

　　H: (kindly) There! There! Who's hurting you, you silly girl? What do you take me for? (gives her a handkerchief)

　　希：(友善地)好啦，好啦!谁伤害你了，傻姑娘!你把我当成什么人了?(递给她一条手帕)

　　E: I thought maybe you was a policeman in disguise.

　　伊：我还以为你是一个便衣警察呢。

　　H: Do I look like a policeman?

　　希：我像警察吗?

　　E: (still worried) Then why did 'ou take down my words for? How do I know whether 'ou took me down right? 'ou just show me what 'ou've wrote about me!

　　伊：(仍在担心)那你为什么要把我说的话记下来呢?我怎么知道你是不是写对了呢?那你把你写的东西给我看看。

　　H: Here you are. (hands over the paper covered in writing)

　　希：你看吧!(把写满字的纸递给她)

　　E: What's that? That ain't proper writing. I can't read that. (pushes it back at him)

　　伊：这是什么呀?不像规规矩矩的字，我看不懂。(把纸退回给他)

　　H: I can. (reads imitating Eliza) "Come over' ere, cap'in, and buy me flowers off a poor girl." (in his own voice) There you are and you were born in Lisson Grove if I'm not mistaken.

　　希：我来读。(模仿伊的声音读)长官，过这边来呀，买我这个苦命孩子一束花吧!(改用自己的声音说)好了吧，你呀，如果我没有弄错的话，你出生在里森格罗佛。

　　E: (looking confused) What if I was? What's it to you?

　　伊：(困惑不解似的)如果我是又怎么样呢?跟你有什么关系吗?

　　CP: (has been watching the girl and now speaks to Higgins) That's quite brilliant! How did you do that, may I ask?

　　皮：(本来是一直望着这个姑娘的，这时跟希金斯说话了)太棒了!请问你是怎么知道的呢?

　　H: Simply phonetics studied and classified from people's own speech. That's my profession and also my hobby. You can place a man by just a few remarks. I can place any spoken conversation within six miles, and even within two streets in London sometimes.

　　希：对人的发音进行研究、分类，如此而已。这是我的专业。也是我的业余爱好。我可以根据几句话判定是哪个地方的人。差距不过六英里。有时候在伦敦甚至不超过两个街区呢。

　　CP: Let me congratulate you! But is there an income to be made in that?

　　皮：恭喜你了!不过，你这样做有收入吗?

　　H: Yes, indeed. Quite a good one. This is the age of the newly rich. People begin their working life in a poor neighbourhood of London with 80 pounds a year and end in a rich one with 100 thousand. But they betray themselves every time they open their mouths. Now once taught by me, she'd become an upper class lady ...

　　希：当然有啊，还挺高呢。这是个致富的年代。人们从伦敦的穷人区开始工作，年收入才80英镑，最后到了富人区工作，年收入就是10万英镑了。但是他们一张嘴就露出马脚(暴露自己的身份)。如今让我一教，她就会变成一个上层阶级的淑女……

　　CP: Is that so? Extraordinary!

　　皮：是吗?那太妙了!

　　H: (rudely) Look at this girl with her terrible English: the English that will condemn her to the gutter to the end of her days. But, sir, (proudly) once educated to speak properly, that girl could pass herself off in three months as a duchess at an ambassador's garden party. Perhaps I could even find her a place as a lady's maid or a shop assistant, which requires better English.

　　希：(粗鲁地)你瞧那个姑娘，英语说的那么糟糕，命中注定要在贫民窟里呆一辈子了。不过，先生，(高傲地)要是一旦有人教她把英语说好了，她就可以在三个月以内冒充公爵夫人出席大使主办的花园晚会了。说不定我还可以给她找份工作，当一名贵妇人的侍女或商店的店员。这些工作都要求英语说得好呢。

　　E: What's that you say? A shop assistant? Now that's sommat I want, that is!

　　伊：你说啥来着?店员?这正是我想要做的，真的!

　　H: (ignores her) Can you believe that?

　　希：(不理睬她)你相信我说的话吗?

　　CP: Of course! I study many Indian dialects myself and ...

　　皮：当然相信。我自己就学了好多种印度语，而且……

　　H: Do you indeed? Do you know Colonel Pickering?

　　希：真的吗?那你认不认得皮克林上校呢?

　　CP: Indeed I do, for that is me. Who are you?

　　皮：当然认得，皮克林就是我。那么请问你贵姓?

　　H: I'm Henry Higgins and I was going to India to meet you.

　　希：我是亨利·希金斯。我还打算要去印度见你呢。

　　CP: And I came to England to make your acquaintance!

　　皮：我也正是到英国来找你的!

　　E: What about me? How'll you help me?

　　伊：我呢?你们怎么帮助我呢?

　　H: Oh, take that. (carelessly throws a handful of money into her basket) We must have a celebration, my dear man. (leave together)

　　希：啊，拿去吧!(漫不经心地朝她的篮子里扔去一把钱)好老兄，我们该美美地庆祝一番了。(一道离去)

　　E: (looking at the collected money in amazement) Well, I never. A whole pound! A fortune! That'll help me, indeed it will. Tomorrow I'll find you, Henry Higgins. Just you wait and see! All that talk of (imitates him) "authentic English" ... (in her own voice) I'll see whether you can get that for me ... (goes out)

　　伊：(惊奇地看着收集起来的钱)啊，我还从来没有见过!整整一个英镑呢!一笔财富呀!这的确给我帮大忙了。真的。明天我一定去找你，亨利·希金斯。等着瞧吧!你那口(模仿他的声音)“真正的英语”……(用自己的声音)我倒要看看你能不能帮我找到……(离去)

　　重要单词

　　1. adaptation n.适应(性);改编本

　　2. plot n.情节;阴谋

　　3. hesitate vi.犹豫;踌躇

　　4. uncomfortable adj.不舒服的;不安的;不自在的

　　5. troublesome adj.带来麻烦的;使人心烦的

　　6. outcome n.结果;效果

　　7. mistaken adj.(见解或判断上)错误的;不正确的

　　8. brilliant adj.光辉灿烂的;杰出的;才华横溢的

　　9. classify vt.编排;分类;归类

　　10. betray vt.显露出(本来面目);背叛

　　11. dismiss vt.开除;让……离开

　　12. condemn vt.谴责;使……注定

　　13. acquaintance n.相识;了解;熟人

　　14. fortune n.机会;运气;大笔的钱

　　15. upper adj.(位置或地位)较高的;级别较高的

　　16. status n. 身份;地位;职位

　　17. superio adj.优秀的;优等的;较高的;上级的 n.上级;长官

　　18. antique adj.古时的;(因古老、稀少而)珍贵的文物;古董;古玩

　　19. musical adj.音乐的;喜爱音乐的 n.音乐戏剧

　　20. compromise n.&vi.妥协;折衷

　　21. horrible adj.可怕的;恐怖的;令人不愉快的

　　22. disgusting adj.使人反感的;令人厌恶的

　　23. overlook vt.俯视;未看到;忽视;不理会

　　24. fade vi.&vt.(使)褪色，减弱;逐渐消失

　　25. classic adj.经典的;第一流的 n.经典著作

　　26. effective adj.有效的

　　重要短语

　　1. hold up 举起;阻搁;阻挡

　　2. make one’s acquaintance 结识;与 ……相见

　　3. in amazement 惊愕地

　　4. in term of … 就……来说;从……角度

　　5. show …in 带或领……进来

　　6. the other day 几天前

　　7. take away 带走;取走

　　8. once more 再一次

　　9. in need of… 需要……

　　10. take…for .认为……是……;误以为

　　11. take down 写下;记下

　　12. pass…off as… (某人)冒充……

　　13. fade out (声音，画面)逐渐模糊，渐淡

　　Unit 5 Meeting your ancestors

　　原文+翻译

　　A VISIT TO THE ZHOUKOUDIAIN CAVES周口店洞穴参观记

　　A group of students (S) from England has come to the Zhoukoudian caves for a visit. An archaeologist (A) is showing them round. 一群英国学生(学)来到周口店洞穴参观，有一位考古学家(考)正领着他们参观。

　　A: Welcome to the Zhoukoudian caves here in China. It is a great pleasure to meet you students from England, who are interested in archaeology. You must be aware that it's here that we found evidence of some of the earliest people who lived in this part of the world. We've been excavating here for many years and ...

　　考：欢迎到中国来参观周口店洞穴。很高兴见到你们这些来自英国并且对考古学感兴趣的学生。你们想必都很清楚，正是在这个地方，我们找到了居住在世界上这个部分最早人类的证据。我们在这儿进行的挖掘工作已经很多年了，而且……S1: I'm sorry to interrupt you but how could they live here? There are only rocks and trees.

　　学1：对不起，打断了你的讲话。请问他们怎么能够住在这个地方呢?这儿只有石头和树木啊。

　　A: Good question. You are an acute observer. We have found human and animal bones in those caves higher up the hill as well as tools and other objects. So we think it is reasonable to assume they lived in these caves, regardless of the cold.

　　考：问得好。你是个敏锐地观察者。在高山上的那些洞穴里我们找到了人骨和兽骨，还有工具和其他物品。因此，我们有理由认为他们不顾严寒，就住在这些洞穴里。

　　S2: How did they keep warm? They couldn't have mats, blankets or quilts like we do. It must have been very uncomfortable.

　　学2：那他们是怎样取暖的呢?他们不可能像我们现在这样有垫子、毯子和被子。想必是很不舒服的了。

　　A: We've discovered fireplaces in the centre of the caves where they made fires. That would have kept them warm, cooked the food and scared wild beasts away as well. We have been excavating layers of ash almost six metres thick, which suggests that they might have kept the fire burning all winter. We haven't found any doors but we think they might have hung animal skins at the cave mouth to keep out the cold during the freezing winter.

　　考：我们发现在洞穴中央有生火用的地炉。他们用地炉里的火来取暖、做饭，还可以用火来吓跑野兽。我们一直在挖掘一层层的积灰，几乎有六米厚，这意味着他们可能整个冬天都在烧火。我们还没有找到门，但我们认为在天寒地冻的冬季他们可能是用兽皮挂在洞口来防寒的。

　　S3: What wild animals were there all that time ago?

　　学3：在那以前有些什么野兽呢?

　　A: Well, we've been finding the bones of tigers and bears in the caves, and we think these were their most dangerous enemies. Now what do you think this tells us about the life of these early people? (shows picture of a sewing needle)

　　考：嗯，我们在洞里陆续发现老虎和熊的骨头。我们认为，这些野兽对他们来讲是最危险的敌人了。现在，你们看这个东西能告诉我们有关早期人类生活的什么情况呢?(指着一张画有针线的照片让大家看)

　　S2.: Gosh! That's a needle. Goodness, does that mean they repaired things?

　　学2：哎呀，那是一根针。天哪，难道他们还会修补东西吗?

　　A: What else do you think it might have been used for?

　　考：除此之外，你认为还可能派别的什么用场吗?

　　S4: Let me look at it. It's at most three centimetres long. Ah yes, it seems to be made of bone. I wonder how they made the hole for the ...

　　学4：让我看看。这个东西最多三厘米长，看起来像是骨头做的。我不知道他们是怎么样做成针眼的。

　　S2: (interrupting) Do you mean that they made their own clothes? Where did they get the material?

　　学2：(插话)你是不是说他们自己做衣服穿?他们又是从哪里搞到衣料呢?

　　A: They didn't have material like we have today. Can you guess what they used?

　　考：他们没有像我们今天穿的这种衣料。你能猜出他们用的是什么吗?

　　Sl: Wow! Did they wear clothes made entirely of animal skins? How did they prepare them? I'm sure they were quite heavy to cut and sew together.

　　学1：哇，他们穿的衣服全都是用兽皮做的吗?他们那些衣服是怎么做成的?兽皮剪裁并缝起来一定又厚又重啊。

　　A: Our evidence suggests that they did wear clothes made from animal skins. We continue discovering tools that were sharpeners for other tools. It seems that they used the sharpened stone tools to cut up animals and remove their skin. Then smaller scrapers were probably used to remove the fat and meat from the skin. After that they would rub an ample amount of salt onto the skin to make it soft. Finally, they would cut it and sew the pieces together. Quite a difficult and messy task! Now look at this. (shows a necklace)

　　考：我们有证据表明，他们的确穿的是用兽皮制作的衣服。我们不断发现一些磨削其他工具用的工具。看样子他们可能是用磨尖的石器来切割野兽并剥皮，可能再用小一些的刮子把皮上的脂肪和肉去掉。然后他们可能在兽皮上擦上大量的盐，使皮变柔软。最后进行剪裁，缝起来就成了。确实是既难又脏的活!现在来看看这个吧。(指着一串项链)

　　S2:Why, it's a primitive necklace. Did early people really care about their appearance like we do? It's lovely!

　　学2：哎呀!这是一条原始的项链吧。早期人类也像我们现在一样讲究外貌吗?太漂亮了!

　　A:Yes, and so well preserved. What do you think it's made of?.

　　考：是的，还保存得很好呢。你们看看是用什么做的?

　　S4:Let me see. Oh, I think some of the beads are made of animal bones but others are made of shells.

　　学4：我来摸摸看。我想，有的珠子是用兽骨做的，有的是用贝壳做的，对吗?

　　A:How clever you are! One bone is actually an animal tooth and the shells are from the seaside. Can you identify any other bones?

　　考：你真聪明!有块骨头实际上是用野兽的牙齿，贝壳是从海边捡来的。你还认得别的骨头吗?

　　S1:This one looks very much like a fish bone. Is that reasonable?

　　学1：这根很像鱼骨头，对吗?

　　A:Yes, indeed, as the botanical analyses have shown us, all the fields around here used to be part of a large shallow lake. Probably there were fish in it.

　　考：很对。植物学的分析结果明确地告诉我们，这儿四周曾经是一个很大的浅水湖。当时湖里可能是有鱼的。

　　S3:But a lake is not the sea. We are miles from the sea, so how did the seashells get here?

　　学3：不过，湖并不是海呀。我们离海还远着呢。那么，贝壳又是怎么来的呢?

　　A:Perhaps there was trade between early peoples or they travelled to the seaside on their journeys. We know that they moved around, following the herds of animals. They didn't grow their own crops, but picked fruit when it ripened and hunted animals. That's why they are called hunters and gatherers. Now, why don't we go and visit the caves?

　　考：早期人类之间也许有贸易往来，或者他们也可能旅行到海边去。我们知道，他们跟着兽群四处走。他们并不种植谷物，而是在野果熟了的时候采摘它们并捕杀野兽来充饥。这就是他们被称之为猎人和采摘者的缘故。好了，咱们去参观洞穴好吗?

　　重要单词

　　1. alternative n. 可能的选择;选择对象 adj. 供选择的;其他的

　　2. accuracy n. 精确：准确

　　3. interrupt vi. 打断…讲话;打岔 vt. 暂时中断或中止

　　4. assume vt. 假定;设想

　　5. sharpen vt.&vi. (使)锋利，尖锐，清晰

　　6. ample adj. 足够的;充足的;富裕的

　　7. primitive adj. 原始的;远古的;简陋的

　　8. preserve vt. 保持;保存;保藏n. 禁猎地

　　9. analysis n. (pl.analyses)分析

　　10. specific adj. 详细而精确的;确切的;特定的;具体的

　　11. specifically adv. 确切地;具体地;特别地

　　12. significance n. 意义;意思;重要性;重要意义

　　13. somehow adv. 以…方式;不知怎么地

　　14. systematic adj. 有系统的;有计划的;有条理的

　　15. radioactive adj. 放射性的;有辐射能的

　　16. radioactivity n. 放射性

　　17. applaud vt.&vi. 鼓掌欢迎;赞赏

　　18. accelerate vt.&vi. 加速;促进

　　19. arrest vt. 逮捕;吸引 n. 逮捕;拘留

　　20. dizzy adj. 晕眩的;昏迷的;使人发晕或困惑的

　　21. relief n.(痛苦或忧虑的)减轻或解除;减轻痛苦的事物

　　22. affection n. 恋爱;喜爱

　　23. affectionate adj. 充满深情的;有爱心的

　　24. patient adj. 耐心的;忍耐的

　　25. skilful adj.(英)有技巧的：熟练的(~美~skillful)

　　26. punctuation n. 标点符号

　　重要短语

　　1. show…around 领某人参观

　　2. regardless of 不管;不顾

　　3. keep out… 阻止…进入

　　4. cut up 切碎

　　5. look ahead 向前看;为未来打算

　　6. pronounced French accent 明显的法国口音