by的用法 英语语法整理模板

　　学习英语我们需要注意语句结构，语法的组成。下面就是小编给大家带来的英语语法的基本结构，希望能帮助到大家更好的记忆英语!

by的用法 英语语法整理模板 1

　　1. 作定语(前置定语和后置定语)

　　Don’t swim in the polluted river. (“受/被污染的河流“, polluted 作前置定 语) Theboy punished by the maths teacher isPeter. (“被数学老师处罚的”，过去分词短语作定语时，要放在被修饰的名词后面，所以punished by themaths teacher 作后置定语。)

　　= The boy (who was ) punished by the maths teacher is Peter.经常转为定语从句来理解比较现在分词(用法：表主动，正在进行)：

　　The sleepingboy is ill as he caught a cold. ( “正在睡觉的男孩”，sleeping作前置定语)。

　　The student standing at the door is my friend.(“正站在门口的那个学生”，现在分词短语作定语时，也一样要放在要放在被修饰的名词后面，所以standingat the door 作后置定语。)

　　= The student (who is ) standing at the door ismy friend. 经常转为定语从句来理解比较不定式(用法：表主动，将要发生的动作)：

　　I have a lot of things to do. (“要做”，不定式短语作定语时，要放在被修饰的名词后面，所以to do作后置定语。)

　　I have a meeting to attend. ( “要开“ )

　　2.表语(用法：过去分词放在连系动词后面)

　　I wasastonished to learn that his long lost child had been found. (astonished放在be后面,”吃惊的”)

　　When we heardof this, we were deeply moved. (moved放在be后面,中间可以用副词修饰，”深受感动的”)。

　　He got worried about losing the money.(worried 放在连系动词get 的后面)

　　The people seemed terribly shockedafter the earthquake. ( shocked 放在连系动词seemed 后面)

　　常见的系动词有：be( am, is, are/was, were);“似乎类”：seem, appear, look;“感觉类”：feel,sound, smell, taste;“变成类”：become, go,get, grow, fall, turn;“保持类”：remain, stay,keep。

　　3.宾补(用法：过去分词放在宾语后面，说明或补充宾语的情况，“怎么样”)

　　I have/get/leave/keep my hair cut once a month.

　　(每个月我让我的头发被剪/我让别人剪头发)

　　We should have/get/leave/keep such an important thing finished earlier.

　　(让….被完成 )

　　He spoke aloud so that he could make himself heard.

　　He explained again so that he could make himself understood.

　　I saw/observed/noticed/watchedan old man knocked down by a bike.

　　I heardthe song sung by my sister.

　　He felt himself cheated bythe young man.

　　I found the door locked when I got to the office.

　　Withmy homework finished , I stoppedto have a rest as I was tired.

　　总结：过去分词做宾补经常放在使役动词所带的宾语后面，它们是have/get/

　　leave/keep/make “让、使” ，还有放在感官动词所带的宾语后面，它们是see/observe/notice/watch/feel/find还有放在with的复合结构，即with 所带的宾语后面。(表被动)

　　4.状语(用法：过去分词短语作状语，经常可以转化为一个状语从句来理解

　　(1)(When it is )Seen from the hill Gaozhou city looks very beautiful.(时间状语)

　　(2) ( If we are ) Comparedwith you, we still have a long way to go. (条件状语)

　　(3)(Because he was) Greatly touchedby his teacher’s words, the boy worked harder than before.(原因状语)

　　(4)(Though she was ) Laughed at by the other students, she stilltried to answer the question (让步状语)

　　(5)The teacher entered the classroom, followed by a group of hisstudents. (伴随状语可转化为一个并列句来理解)

　　= The teacher entered the classroom (and he was) followed by a group of his students.

by的用法 英语语法整理模板 2

　　(1) 含有系动词、助动词、情态动词的陈述句改为疑问句：要把这些动词提到主语的前面，句末用问号。

　　Are you a policeman?Must I go now?

　　(2) 如果谓语是行为动词，它前面又没有任何助动词、情态动词，这时就要用助动词do ( does, did )来构成疑问句。

　　Does he often write to you ?

　　Did you enjoy yourself last Sunday?

by的用法 英语语法整理模板 3

关系代词

who，whose，whom，which，that，as

1)which可以引导非限定性定语从句，代表前面整个句子的内容，并且在从句中做主语 2)that的用法 1)不用that的情况

a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。b) 介词后不能用。

We depend on the land from which we get our food. We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.

2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况 a) 在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。

) 在不定代词，如：anything， nothing， the one， all， much， few， any， little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。

c) 先行词有the only， the very修饰时，只用that。d) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。. e) 先行词既有人，又有物时。

举例：

All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油问题。

Finally， the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. 那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。

3) as的用法

AS作关系代词，用来引导定语从句：限制性定语从句和限非制性定语从句 一、AS引导限制性定语从句

AS引导限制性定语从句时，通常和such， the same， as(so)等连用，构成such...as/such as， the same...as/the same as， as(so)...as等结构，在从句中可作主语，宾语和表语。

1.such...as/such as意为―...的那种...，像那样的‖，such...as/such as引导限制性定语从句时，既可指人，也可指物。such用于名词之前时，具有形容词性质;such单独使用(即后面不接名词)时，具有代词性质。

Don‘t trust such men as praise you to your face.(as作主语) 不要相信那种当面吹捧你的人。

You should read only such books as you can understand without much difficulty.(as作宾语) 你应当只读那些你读起来不太难懂的书。

Associate with such as will improve your manners.(as作主语) 要和能改善你的言行的那种人结交。

2.the same...as/the same as意为―与...同样的‖，和such一样，the same既有形容词作用，又有代词性质。

We have arrived at the same conclusion as they have.(as作宾语) 我们已得出和他们同样的结论。

比较：the same...as和the same...that不同，前者是―同那一个相似‖，后者是―正是那一个‖。如：

This is the same watch as I lost. 这同我丢的那块表一样。

This is the same watch that I lost? 这正是我丢的那块表。

3.as(so)...as意为―和...一样‖，后接由many， much等修饰的名词或由形容词修饰的单数名词，注意其语序为as(so)+adj.+a+n+as，如：It‘s as pleasant a film as I have ever seen. 这是一部和我以往看的同样好的电影。

As many soldiers as marched were killed. 很多游行的战士都被杀了。

注意：such ...as与such...that ，so...as与 so...that的区别：that是连词，引出结果状语从句，在从句部分不作成分;as是关系代词，引出定语从句，在从句中可作主语，宾语和表语。比较：He is such a nice boy that everyone likes him. He is such a nice boy as everyone likes.

It is so difficult a problem that nobody can work it out. It is so difficult a problem as nobody can workout

by的用法 英语语法整理模板 4

1、表示“必须”，多强调说话人的主观看法。

2、must和have to 的区别：

(1)must表示说话人的义务或说话人主观认为“必须，应当”做某事;have to表示由于某种外界原因而“必须，不得不”做某事。即must侧重说明主观看法，have to强调客观需要。

(2)must只有一种形式，可用于现在、过去或将来时，但have to有不同的形式，可用于不同的时态。

(3)在否定句中，don’t need to, don’t have to, needn’t表示没有义务;mustn’t表示禁止。

3、must的否定形式must not/ mustn’t 意为“不许，禁止”，表示绝对禁止。若表示“没必要，不必”，应使用needn’t或don’t have to。

注意：对must作否定回答时，不用mustn’t，用needn’t或don’t have to。

4、must 表示“偏偏”，指令人不快的事情。

5、must用来表示推测，意为i“准是，肯定是”，一般用于肯定句，肯定程度比may,might大的多。

by的用法 英语语法整理模板 5

　　1状语从句

　　在复合句中，修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词等的从句叫状语从句。状语从句根据它表达的意思可分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、让步、比较(或方式)和条件等类。

　　1.时间状语从句

　　引导连词有when，while，till，not…until，since，after ,before ,as soon as

　　The bus won’t start until everybody gets on.

　　公共汽车直到每人都上车为止，才开动。

　　When he knocked at the door I was cooking.

　　当他敲门时，我正在煮饭。

　　Last night before he came back home, his wife had already cooked dinner and waited for 2 hours.

　　昨天晚上在他回到家之前，他的妻子已经做好晚饭足足等了他两小时之久。

　　After I went to church, I went shopping.

　　2.地点状语从句

　　地点状语从句通常由where, wherever 引导。

　　Where there is a will, there is a way. 哪里有志向，哪里就有出路。有志者事竟成。

　　Where there is a life, there is a hope. 哪里有生命，哪里就有希望。 留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。

　　Wherever you go, whatever you do, I will be right here waiting for you.

　　不管你去哪里，不管你做什么，我都会在此守侯你。

　　3.原因状语从句

　　引导连词有because，as, since。

　　He didn′t see the film because he had seen it.

　　他没有看那部电影，因为他已经看过了。

　　They couldn’t get on the train，for it was too crowed.

　　比较：because, since, as和for

　　1)because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或 since。

　　I didn't go, because I was afraid.

　　Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.

　　2)由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗 号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。

　　He is absent today, because / for he is ill.

　　He must be ill, for he is absent today.

　　注意：because不能和so 连用。

　　4.目的状语从句

　　引导连词有 that， so that…，in order that。

　　He must get up early so that he can catch the first bus.

　　他必须早起，以便能赶上第一辆公共汽车。

　　He repainted the house so that he could welcome the guests.

　　Millions of trees are planted in North China so that the sand can be stopped from moving south.

　　The mother left work earlier in order that she could be at home when the children arrived.

　　So that …——以便/以致……

　　例如：

　　(1)They studied hard so that they could pass the exam.

　　(2)They started early so that they caught the early bus.

　　注意点：

　　在例句(1)中,是引导目的状语;在例句(2)中，是引导结果状语。一般来讲，从句中含有情态动词的，为目的状语。无情态动词的，为结果状语。

　　5.结果状语从句

　　引导连词有that，so…that…，such….that

　　The box is so heavy that I can’t lift it.

　　这个盒子如此沉，以致我无法抬起来。

　　such+名词性词组+that…

　　So+形容词/副词+that…——如此……以致……

　　例如：

　　(1)She is such a good teacher that we all love her.

　　(2)It was such a hot day that they didn’t go out for a walk as usual.

　　注意点：

　　1.such+a+形容词+名词+that…，可以改写成：so+形容词+a+名词+that…

　　例句(1)可以改写成：She is so good a teacher that we all love her.

　　2.在such+形容词+名词复数或不可数名词+that…结构中，形容词如果是many/few或much/little时，用so不用such，即：so+many/few+可数名词复数+that…，so+much/little+不可数名词+that…

　　(1)There are so many people in the room that I can’t get in.

　　(2)The man has so much money that he can buy a car.

　　6.让步状语从句

　　引导连词有though，although; even though/if; whatever; however

　　Although he is young，he knows a lot of things.

　　虽然他年龄小，但却认识许多事物。

　　Even though you don’t like him, you still have to be polite.

　　Whatever you say, I will not change my mind.

　　注意：although，though不能和but连用。

　　7.比较(方式)状语从句以than为引导连词。

　　常见连词(as)…as.., …than…; the…, the…

　　Jim is older than Lucy(is).

　　吉姆比路希年长。

　　Skiing is more exciting than running.

　　The more you practice, the more knowledge you will get.

　　注意：than 引导的比较状语从句中的谓语常省略。

　　8.条件状语从句以if, unless为引导连词。

　　If you eat bad food，you may be ill.

　　如果你吃到坏了的食物，就会生病。

　　If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will have a sports meet.

　　注意：主句是将来时，从句用一般现在时。

　　状语从句中常见的误点

　　1) 时间状语从句和条件状语从句中的时态与主句的搭配：(俗称：主将从现)

　　2) 原因状语从句because与because of ;

　　Because+从句和because of +n./ pron

　　例如：

　　I was late because I didn’t catch the bus.

　　I was late because of the rain.